Common synonyms used in the past for RSD include shoulder-hand syndrome, Sudeck’s atrophy, reflex neurovascular dystrophy, traumatic angiospasm or vasospasm, and sympathetically maintained pain (SMP). SMP is frequently a component of CPRS but is not a distinct diagnosis in itself. Pain is a key feature; other symptoms and signs may include sensory abnormalities (spontaneous burning […]

Etiology of Symptoms
Injury or irritation of the ulnar nerve in the tunnel between the hook of the hamate and pisiform results from sustained pressure, such as prolonged handwriting or leaning forward onto extended wrists while biking; from repetitive use of the gripping action of the fourth and fifth fingers, as with knitting, tying knots, or […]

The carpal tunnel is a confined space between the carpal bones dorsally and the transverse carpal ligament (flexor retinaculum) volarly. In this region the median nerve is susceptible to pressure as it courses through the tunnel with the extrinsic finger flexor tendons on their way into the hand. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is characterized by […]

Walsh has identified three causative factors for TOS that could be interrelated or exist separately: compressive neuropathy, faulty posture, and entrapment.
• Compressive neuropathy. Compression of the neurovascular structures can occur if there is a decrease in the size of the area through which the brachial plexus and subclavian vessels pass. Compression can result from muscle […]

Etiology of Symptoms
The disk is largely aneural; therefore not all disk protrusions are symptomatic.
Pain. Symptoms of pain arise from pressure of a swollen disk or swollen tissues against pain-sensitive structures (ligaments, dura mater, blood vessels around nerve roots) or from the chemical irritants of inflammation if there is herniated disk material.
Neurological signs and symptoms. Neurological […]