Therapeutic exercise and related manual therapy techniques would not be possible without the nervous system and all its components activating, controlling, and modifying the motor system responses as well as receiving and interpreting feedback from the variety of sensory receptors throughout the body. Because of their intimate proximity to all the structures in the trunk […]

At the time of a low back or cervical injury, impairments, functional limitations, and disabilities are not known. Usually 80% to 90% of acute injuries resolve within 1 month. Disabilities are dependent on the extent of the injury. If it involves the spinal cord, levels of complete paralysis may occur. If it involves the nerve […]

During the normal gait cycle, the hip goes through a ROM of 40° of flexion and extension (10° extension at terminal stance to 30° flexion at midswing and initial contact). There is also some lateral pelvic tilt and hip abduction/adduction of 15° (10° adduction at initial contact, 5° abduction at initial swing); and hip internal/external […]

Understanding the relationships among pathology, impairments, functional limitations, and perceived disability is fundamental to the prevention or reduction of disability. The presence of functional limitations may or may not lead to loss of independence and result in disability. Take, for example, a relatively inactive person with long-standing osteoarthritis of the knees. The inability to get […]

Impairments are the consequences of pathological conditions; that is, they are the signs and symptoms that reflect abnormalities at the body system, organ, or tissue level. Impairments can be categorized as arising from anatomical, physiological, or psychological alterations as well as losses or abnormalities of structure or function of a body […]

The ability to function independently at home, in the workplace, within the community, or during leisure and recreational activities is contingent upon physical as well as psychological and social function. The multidimensional aspects of physical function encompass the diverse yet interrelated areas of performance
Balance. The ability to align body segments against […]